In the present study, we used only male mice to minimize variability introduced by the estrous cycle in females, which is known to influence toxicity, body weight, food intake, and metabolic parameters [31,32,33,34,35,36]
These platforms are highly engineered medical devices studied under controlled conditions, often in early-stage clinical trials
Oral and Topical Use Oral and topical forms of glutathione are typically well-tolerated and have a favorable safety profile
Last reviewed June 2026
B.TavaresM
In parallel, metabolic modulators such as metformin, dapagliflozin, and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists reprogram ovarian bioenergetics by reshaping substrate utilization, suppressing inflammatory and oxidative signaling, and improving mitochondrial efficiency within the ovary