Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG has evidence for diarrhoea management, whilst Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12 and Bifidobacterium longum BB536 have been studied for constipation relief
Simple checks help separate cues
GLP-1 medications replicate and extend this hormones action

Following oral administration, glycyrrhizin exhibits low oral bioavailability, primarily because it requires enzymatic hydrolysis by intestinal microbiota to generate its active metabolite, GA, which is then absorbed into the systemic circulation ( Clostridium innocuum (ES2406), possess specialized -glucuronidases that hydrolyze GL to GA in the gastrointestinal tract, with optimal enzymatic activity occurring at pH values between 5.7 and 7.0 ( When administered intravenously, glycyrrhizin exhibits a biphasic plasma clearance profile, characterized by a rapid distribution phase followed by a slower elimination phase ( Irrespective of the administration route, GA predominates in systemic circulation and is rapidly and widely distributed throughout the body, with the highest concentration observed in liver tissue (Figure 2) ( 3 Core pharmacological mechanisms of glycyrrhizin in the liver GA exerts hepatoprotective effects through multiple pathways and targets, forming a synergistic network that includes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, liver-protecting, and immunomodulatory actions (Xie et al., 2015) (Table 2

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Vondenhoff et al., 2011) (see Figure 4A for a schematic overview)