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Blood 81 , 22232236 (1993)
Unlike oral B12 supplements, which depend on intrinsic factor production in the stomach for absorption and lose 5070% bioavailability in the digestive process, injectable B12 achieves near-100% bioavailability by delivering the vitamin directly into circulation
Liver/Kidney/CYP450: High-dose systemic copper chelate therapy requires strict monitoring of ceruloplasmin and unbound serum copper to prevent heavy metal toxicity or Wilson-like hepatic accumulation
MEOS tends to become more active with chronic alcohol consumption
Emerging strategies targeting the gut-liver axis, such as microbiome modulation and bile acid receptor agonists, also offer new therapeutic avenues for APAP-induced liver injury