Gastrointestinal symptoms are typically the most prominent and may include: Severe nausea and vomiting that persists despite usual remedies Intense abdominal pain or cramping Diarrhoea which may worsen dehydration Loss of appetite beyond normal medication effects Bloating and feeling of fullness due to significantly delayed gastric emptying These digestive symptoms occur because semaglutide slows the movement of food through the stomach, and excessive doses amplify this effect considerably
If the dosage is too high, these side effects may become more severe and persistent, leading to discomfort and a decreased quality of life
Additionally, Rao et al (108), Niwano et al (109) and Tu et al (110) demonstrated that astaxanthin and curcumin exhibit suppressive properties on melanin synthesis and cellular TYR activity
Retatrutide is a 39-amino acid synthetic peptide with triple GLP-1/GIP/glucagon receptor agonism
The melanocortin pathway is well-characterised
However, the weight loss induced by GLP-1R mono-therapies in obese T2DM patients is modest indicating a need for more robust therapeutic options