Rapid degradation, poor oral availability, difficult transportation through cell membranes, nonselective receptor binding, and challenging multistep preparation are the major limitations of peptides as active pharmaceutical ingredients
Peptides naturally exist within the body, but can be supplemental in some cases to achieve therapeutic effects
This may also be the case for Bd , as SOD and glutathione transferase (GST), are differentially expressed between Bd pandemic and non-pandemic lineages (54), suggesting that managing host ROS could be related to virulence
SW480 cells treated 5FU for 72 h analysed for mitochondrial mass by NAO staining ( a ) and mtDNA ( b ), n = 3 biological replicates shown with mean s.e.m in both, and mitochondrial protein expression ( c ), blots representative of n = 3 biological replicates
& Li, S
Yue FY, Dummer R, Geertsen R, Hofbauer G, Laine E, Manolio S, Burg G