market until at least 2032 so price will continue to be an issue
Cell Chemical Biology, 25 (4), 447
Whey protein, despite being rich in amino acids, causes a significant insulin spike due to its rapid absorption and insulinogenic amino acid profile (leucine, isoleucine)
But as more people take them, patients are reporting an off-label use
The peptide mimetic DPP-4 inhibitors including vildagliptin, saxagliptin and teneligliptin, were identified by peptide-based substrate substitution experiments, while the non-peptide mimetic group such as sitagliptin, alogliptin and linagliptin, were derived from the inhibitor and initially found in random screening
For exercise performance, it's typically taken 30-60 minutes pre-workout