These were "mono-agonists," meaning they targeted only the GLP-1 receptor

Abbreviations AC: Adenylyl cyclase Akt: Protein kinase B BP: Blood pressure cAMP: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate CDK2: Cyclin-dependent protein kinase 2 CVD: Cardiovascular disease DBP: Diastolic blood pressure DM: Diabetes mellitus EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor Epac: Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP ER: Endoplasmic reticulum Ex-4: Exendin-4 GLP-1: Glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1 RAs: GLP-1 receptor agonists GLUT1: Glucose transporter 1 HF: Heart failure HFpEF: Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction HFrEF: Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction H/R: Hypoxia/reoxygenation I/R: Ischemia/reperfusion LV: Left ventricular MACE: Major adverse cardiovascular events MAPK: RAS/RAF/MEK1/2/ERK1/2 NLRP3: Nod-like receptor thermal protein domain associated protein 3 PAH: Pulmonary arterial hypertension PCI: Percutaneous coronary intervention PI 3 K: Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase PKA: Protein kinase A SBP: Systolic blood pressure STEMI: ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction VSMCs: Vascular smooth muscle cells References Senior PA

Slows gastric-emptying signaling pathways through GLP-1R activity in enteric and vagal neurons studied in rodent models
Tirzepatide (LY3298176) in Participants With Type 2 Diabetes Not Controlled With Diet and Exercise Alone (SURPASS) studies have shown that tirzepatide reduced HbA1c and fasting glucose levels more than the titrated insulin degludec, insulin glargine or 1 mg once a week semaglutide independently of the baseline levels of HbA1c
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) (25 mg) A hormone that naturally declines with age
Patients pay one flat monthly feeat $189/mo month-to-month, or from $149/mo on the 6-month plan for semaglutide injectionwith no membership fees, no deductibles, and no insurance eligibility requirements