Most side effects are: Mild to moderate in severity Digestive in nature (nausea, constipation, or diarrhea) Temporary, resolving within days to weeks Manageable with proper dosing and supportive strategies Serious side effects are rare but can include pancreatitis, gallbladder issues, or allergic reactions
Evidence review H: preoperative fasting (NG180)
Glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor agonism may further augment insulinotropic and metabolic effects when combined with GLP-1 receptor activation
It can help protect liver and kidney health in selected patients by reducing fatty liver changes and slowing the progression of metabolic complications
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In addition to complex damaging glutamate excitotoxic mechanisms, excitotoxic glutamate inhibits mTOR signalling and causes elevated neuronal insulin resistance (Pomytkin et al