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Kidney Problems: GLP-1 medications can sometimes affect kidney function, especially in people with pre-existing kidney disease

Small molecule therapies include upadacitinib (Rinvoq), a JAK inhibitor that blocks intracellular signaling pathways involved in inflammation

Generic liraglutide is also approved for Type 2 diabetes as brand-name Victoza

B12 shots use intramuscular injection, depositing vitamin B12 directly into muscle tissue, typically in the upper arm or thigh

Many patients with diabetes or obesity also have hypothyroidism, making this combination common in clinical practice

Steiner JL, Bardgett ME, Wolfgang L, Lang CH, Stocker SD