In addition to the US FDA approved GLP-1RAs, there are GLP1/glucagon dual agonists (Cotadutide, BI 456906), GIP/GLP1 dual agonists (Tirzepatide, GIP/GLP peptide I and II), GIP/GLP1/glucagon tri-agonists (HM15211, GGG tri-agonist) and GLP1R agonists (Efpeglenatide, Rybelsus) currently in phase 1- III clinical trials for T2D, obesity, and NASH (MASH) treatments (12)
DHEA and DHEAS are neuroprotective, acting via NMDA and AMPA receptors (124, 125)
The authors point out that other classes of drugs, including those treating erectile dysfunction and an anti-arrythmic drug, have previously been found to cause NAION in some patients
In conclusion, tirzepatide increased blood pressure and sympathetic activity in hypertensive rats without cardiac protection, highlighting context-dependent cardiovascular actions
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S3M4X Synthetic heptapeptide reference standard supplied as a lyophilized powder for in-vitro neurochemical research