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This combination activates lethal autophagy dependent on AMPK activation (AMPK kinase is activated by a decrease in intracellular ATP and a change in the ATP:AMP ratio), enhancing the sensitivity of radiation-resistant cells to cell death and efficacy of radiotherapy 29,77 (Figure 3)
B12 supplements are available in various forms, including cyanocobalamin (the most stable and commonly used form) and methylcobalamin (a naturally occurring form)
Ferroptosis was more initial in cell death caused by iron overload and its underlying mechanism in Parkinson's disease
5 Reactive oxygen species as oxidizing agents: impact on cysteine proteinases and cellular homeostasis It has long been established that disturbances in reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulation generate highly reactive cellular environments, profoundly influencing intracellular signaling pathways and contributing to oxidative stress
Supplementary Information 12964_2025_2068_MOESM1_ESM.tif (download TIF Supplementary Material 1: Supplementary Figure 1
Richman PG, and Meister A
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