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Advanced research protocols also track NAD+ levels via blood assay, respiratory exchange ratio (RER) during exercise to measure substrate utilization, and adiponectin levels as a marker of metabolic health
Wang, Y., Kory, N., BasuRay, S., Cohen, J
Efficacy is unaffected once the peptide reaches the bloodstream it sits in the bodys own roughly 150 mM saline regardless of what you mixed it with. NAD+ is different: its pain is acidity, not mast cells reconstituted NAD+ sits near pH 3.5
A significant portion is excreted within the first 8 hours
What if a patient has bilateral joint injections