In metabolomics studies, differences in the concentration of phenylalanine and its first breakdown product tyrosine are factors that distinguish obese from non-obese human participants (Newgard et al., 2009) or compare insulin-sensitive and insulin-resistant individuals (Tai et al., 2010), and are associated with the persistence of childhood obesity (Wu et al., 2024)
When these receptors are activated, they initiate intracellular signalling pathways that lead to the release of stored GLP-1 from secretory granules within the L-cells
This assumption is supported by a prior outcome trial and observational data 20,41
DOI: Published online: July 1, 2025 Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea Corresponding author: Hye Jin Yoo Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Korea E-mail: [email protected] Copyright 2025 Korean Diabetes Association This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited
HbA1c: Check at baseline, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, and quarterly thereafter
T4 test : Determines thyroxine (T4) levels in the blood and can help monitor treatment effectiveness for thyroid conditions