In a study using cultured rat hippocampal neurons, pre-treatment of nerve cells with GLP-1 resulted in a weakened Ca 2+ response to glutamate and weakened membrane depolarization ( Effects on Parkinsons Disease Parkinsons disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that affects the central nervous system and the second most common neurodegenerative disease after AD ( Disturbance of insulin signaling in diabetic patients might lead to the abnormal expression of Syn, damage to mitochondrial function, increase in mitochondrial oxidative stress, and down-regulation of the PI3K/AKT pathway, which in turn could promote the occurrence and development of PD ( Injection of exendin-4 into rodents after endotoxin and mTP toxin-induced damage to the substantia nigra striatum could prevent the toxin-induced activation of microglia and inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines ( Effects on Stroke Stroke is the second leading cause of death and the leading cause of disability worldwide

Nursing care: Use proper IM technique, rotate sites, educate patient on side effects and schedule
Kidney stones can cause extreme pain and urinary blockage in severe cases (UMMC 2013)
F., Boivin, J., Redman, L
Combining Rybelsus with metformin may lead to a total A1C drop of approximately 2.0-2.5% significantly greater than either medication alone
However, currently, no trial has directly examined the effects of this combination therapy