Studies have shown that oxidative stress promotes brain insulin resistance, and central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance can affect neuronal development and increase the risk of neurodegenerative diseases (44)
Byrne JJ, Soh MS, Chandhok G, Vijayaraghavan T, Teoh JS, Crawford S, Cobham AE, Yapa NMB, Mirth CK, Neumann B (2019) Disruption of mitochondrial dynamics affects behaviour and lifespan in Caenorhabditis elegans
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Figure 1 Current evidence indicates that bottom-up modulation of the CNS by the microbiome occurs primarily through neuroimmune and neuroendocrine pathways, often involving the vagus nerve (153, 387, 388)
[Accessed 16th April 2026]