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-Lipoic acid (LA) enantiomers protect SH-SY5Y cells against glutathione depletion
Clinical and experimental evidence has accumulated that females in humans and other mammals have higher GSH levels than males, caused by higher levels of estradiol
Molecular pathways documented in preclinical research include: (1) activation of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis via L-arginine/eNOS pathway, (2) transcriptional upregulation of VEGF-A and FGF-2 favouring angiogenesis, (3) modulation of the Egr-1 early transcription factor involved in fibroblast proliferation, (4) interaction with 5-HT2A and dopaminergic receptors in some behavioural models, (5) stabilisation of endothelial function via eNOS modulation and reduction of oxidative stress (8-OH-dG, MDA)
Takahashi JS
In addition, GLP-1 has now been proved to be associated with nutrient intake and can be linked to lipid metabolism [28-30]
Furthermore, the levels of GSH decreased with increased oxidative stress markers in the HFD-fed mice, which reflect the exhaustion of antioxidant potential and increased oxidative stress
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