When administered through injection, GLP-1 medications stimulate the same receptors in the brain and gut that signal fullness, slow gastric emptying, and reduce the desire to overeat
Freezing can damage peptide integrity
In many in vivo disease studies or oxidative stress stimulation models, GPX1 deficiency enhances cell damage, apoptosis, and even leads to cell death
On the other hand, the risks of HHF (HR 0.93, 95% CI 0.831.04 with GLP-1RAs and HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.610.79 with SGLT2is) and composite kidney outcomes excluding macroalbuminuria (HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.801.06 with GLP-1RAs and HR 0.55, 95% CI 0.480.64 with SGLT2is) significantly reduced with SGLT2is only
[1] [3] Humans synthesize carnitine from the substrate TML (6- N -trimethyllysine), which is in turn derived from the methylation of the amino acid lysine
doi: 10.1210/jc.2014-1271 81 OmosuleCLJosephDWeilerBGremmingerVLSilveySJeongYet al