4.1 Central nervous system effects GLP-1R is distributed throughout various regions in the brain, with the highest concentrations being found in the hippocampus and cerebral cortex, areas mainly responsible for cognitive function, memory improvement, and learning ( GLP-1RA plays a key role in promoting CNS health in conditions like T2DM and lowering the risk of stroke ( In the brain, GLP-1RAs perform anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic functions ( Appetite regulation is a common function of many GLP-1RAs, which act on the hypothalamus- the center of hunger and energy balance- and promote feelings of fullness, eventually leading to weight loss ( 4.2 Cardiovascular system effects GLP-1 receptor agonists have a very close connection with cardiovascular outcomes and prevention of many diseases
Nrf2 Pathway Activation Glutathione depletion triggers activation of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), the master transcription factor for antioxidant gene expression
Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid extracted from various plants including Berberis species (barberry), Coptis chinensis (goldthread), and Hydrastis canadensis (goldenseal)
Visentin R, Schiavon M, Gobel B, Riz M, Cobelli C, Klabunde T, et al
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Additionally, it enhanced the abundance of important intestinal microbial genera like Bacteroidetes , Akkermansia , and Prevotella , while simultaneously lowering the levels of Escherichia and Salmonella genera (65, 66)