Common additions include: B1 (Thiamine): Supports carbohydrate metabolism and energy production B2 (Riboflavin): Required for fat and protein metabolism B3 (Niacinamide): Supports over 400 enzyme reactions, including those involved in energy metabolism B5 (Dexpanthenol): Essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A, which is required for fatty acid metabolism B6 (Pyridoxine): Supports amino acid metabolism and neurotransmitter synthesis B12 (Methylcobalamin/Cyanocobalamin): Critical for energy production, red blood cell formation, and methylation reactions Why they matter: B vitamins are cofactors in virtually every metabolic process
K., Essential regulation of cell bioenergetics by constitutive InsP3 receptor Ca2+ transfer to mitochondria
However, such methods have been either unpractical and/or unsuccessful
Over time, concerns emerged regarding: Side effects Potential for misuse Limited long-term safety data As a result, the FDA and other regulatory bodies began to scrutinize these peptides more closely
Journal of Trace Elements in Medicine and Biology, 88 , 127603
doi:10.1186/1471-2261-5-32