As one 2026 review put it, the original composition-of-matter patents "have likely expired reducing the commercial exclusivity that typically incentivizes industry-sponsored Phase II and III development" [13]
Ethics declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable
Consulting with a healthcare professional is recommended to determine the best approach to supplementation based on your individual health needs
Participants were not allowed to take any other supplements except a standard optional multivitamin offered by the trial team
Genuine B12 supplementation is clinically indicated for vegans, older adults, people with pernicious anaemia, those on long-term metformin, and individuals with malabsorption conditions
Keywords : Tripeptides, short peptides, wound healing, skin regeneration, therapeutic applications