Green et al 26 Severe clinical abnormalities should be treated intensively with B 12 , cyanoB 12 or hydroxyB 12 : HydroxyB 12 is commonly used in Europe, often at intervals of 23 months, as it seems to have better retention than cyanoB 12
doi: 10.3389/fmed.2025.1636699 31 ZhengXZhuYZhaoZChuYYangW
Reactivates p53-driven apoptotic pathways: p53 is a master regulator of genomic integrity and cellular stress responses
doi: 10.1002/biof.5520280101 41 MashimoMNishikawaMHiguchiKHiroseMWeiQHaqueAet al
A 4-week randomized double-blind trial in 40 healthy adults found that standard oral glutathione (500 mg twice daily) produced no significant changes in urinary oxidative stress markers or erythrocyte GSH levels
Figure 1 On this basis, this review summarizes the major regulatory mechanisms by which amino acid metabolism shapes macrophage polarization from the perspective of immunometabolic network integration, and further outlines the research progress in different autoimmune diseases