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To really nail down the differences, a side-by-side comparison makes it perfectly clear

Efficacy: Topicals may work on surface pigmentation, but are less effective alone

Translation: More NAC, more raw materials for glutathione creation, better cellular protection

Hence, the FDA cracking down on compounding pharmacies mixing peptides that the agency deems under-researched or dangerous

For practical comparison: | Property | Native IGF-1 | IGF-1 DES | IGF-1 LR3 | |---|---|---|---| | Amino acids | 70 | 67 | 83 | | Half-life | ~10 min | ~20-30 min | ~20-30 h | | IGFBP-3 affinity | High | Low | Very low (~1,000x reduced) | | Relative IGF-1R potency | 1x | ~10x | ~2-3x | | Systemic vs

PKM2 promotes Th17 cell differentiation and autoimmune inflammation by fine-tuning STAT3 activation