In the randomized placebo-controlled HOME trial of 390 adults with type 2 diabetes (de Jager and colleagues, Long term treatment with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes and risk of vitamin B-12 deficiency, BMJ, 2010), metformin lowered serum B12 by a mean of 19 percent over 4.3 years
Gut Microbiome Effects Research suggests compounds such as 5-Amino-1MQ may alter the gut microbiome in models
A few picky ones need something different (acetic acid water for peptides that aggregate at this pH, or sodium chloride solution for specific applications)
Choline is essential for transporting fats from the liver, preventing fatty liver, and ensuring that fats are burned for energy rather than stored
I notice a difference in my energy, anxiety, and depressive symptoms and my brain fog
Additives like glycerol (sometimes added when freezing protein solutions) can actually protect peptides by preventing ice crystal damage and concentrating solutes during freezing