glp 1 gip gcg receptor agonist Machine learning designs new GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonists with enhanced biological potency Neurotrophic and neuroprotective effects of

In anemia, tissues receive less oxygen, causing fatigue and weakness

It is a sulphur-containing amino acid that is primarily found in meat and other foods of animal origin

In cultured human keratinocytes exposed to UVB radiation (a standard oxidative stress model), pre-treatment with 10 nM GHK-Cu resulted in: 2.8-fold increase in glutathione reductase mRNA (the enzyme regenerating reduced glutathione from its oxidized form) 2.3-fold increase in catalase expression (HO decomposition) 1.9-fold increase in ferritin heavy chain (sequestering iron, another Fenton-active metal) 62% reduction in 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, a DNA oxidative damage marker The protective effect disappeared when using copper-free GHK or copper chloride alone, confirming the intact peptide-copper complex is required

The S-acetyl form (S-acetyl-L-glutathione) is specially designed to be more stable and better absorbed, protecting the molecule from breakdown in the digestive tract and facilitating its use at the cellular level

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Competing interests The authors declare no conflict of interest