Finally, the clinical studies summarized used collagen (bovine or animal sources such as fish, collagen peptides, and hydrolyzed collagen, where some test materials were commercially available products while others used multiple custom formulations), which are noted in the brief descriptions above
Think of it like reviving a very thirsty plant
Improved Mood and Mental Clarity As mentioned earlier, B12 is essential for the production of serotonin and other neurotransmitters that regulate mood
From a mechanistic standpoint, luteolin affects multiple interconnected pathways including the Nrf2/ARE antioxidant pathway, NF-B and MAPK inflammatory cascades, PI3K/AKT/PTEN metabolic-survival signaling, TGF-/Smad fibrotic pathways, and ER/PR hormonal regulation (Thiruvengadam et al., 2021
This includes upregulation of pro-apoptotic signaling cascades that restore controlled cellular elimination
The most compelling studies of efficacy have been done in cell cultures and small animals