The net charge (Z) sums the contributions from positive charges of the N-terminus, arginine, lysine, and histidine residues, and negative charges of the C-terminus, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, cysteine, and tyrosine residues
B12 Injections deliver vitamin B12 directly into muscle tissue
Not meaningfully
Literature both supporting and opposing them are available
Its a nuanced question, and understanding the ins and outs of how our bodies absorb this vital vitamin is key to finding the right answer for you
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