Research indicates that the reduction in serum B12 levels typically becomes clinically significant after several years of continuous metformin therapy
Thymosin beta 4 is unusual in this compound class for having controlled human data, RGN-259 ophthalmic solution has been assessed in randomised, placebo-controlled, double-masked Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials in severe dry eye and neurotrophic keratopathy (Sosne et al., Cornea 2015 and Int J Mol Sci 2023)
(46) also found that Cyto-C and caspase-3 expression were simultaneously upregulated
Nevertheless, it is important to note that not all investigations corroborate this assertion, Zhengs study demonstrated that Allium tuberosum Rottler ex Sprengle exerts regulatory effects on the gut microbiota, specifically by augmenting the population of Firmicutes (Zheng et al., 2021)
That's why we must top it up through our diet - meat and dairy products are particularly rich in B12
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