The parasite uptake triggers an almost immediate increase in the expression of inflammatory cytokines followed by delayed and subpar production of O 2 and NO in macrophages (Koo et al., 2018)
This has been shown to result in decreased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Tumor Necrosis Factor alpha (TNF-), interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 8 (IL-8), and interferon gamma (IFN-), and inflammation markers such as cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2) 26,45
Am J Physiol Heart Circ.Physiol 2009;297(5):H1870-H1875
The IGF-1 Receptor and PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway When IGF-1 LR3 binds to the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R) on a target cell, it activates a signaling cascade beginning with PI3K, which in turn activates Akt, ultimately converging on mTOR a master regulator of cell growth and protein synthesis
It is critical for the maintenance of antioxidative balance by helping to protect cells from oxidative stress
GSH has an extra hydrogen, making it active and full of antioxidants
