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Diagnostic Interpretation * HbA1c below 5.7%: normal * HbA1c 5.76.4%: prediabetes * HbA1c 6.5% or higher: diabetes mellitus Clinical Uses * Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus * Diagnosis of prediabetes * Monitoring long-term glycemic control * Assessing risk of diabetic complications * Evaluating response to treatment Target Levels For many diabetic patients, the usual target is: * HbA1c below 7% Targets may differ depending on: * Age * Pregnancy * Comorbid illnesses * Risk of hypoglycemia Causes of Falsely Elevated HbA1c * Iron deficiency anemia * Vitamin B12 deficiency * Chronic kidney disease * Reduced red blood cell turnover Causes of Falsely Low HbA1c * Hemolytic anemia * Acute blood loss * Recent blood transfusion * Pregnancy * Increased red blood cell destruction Advantages * Does not require fasting * Reflects chronic glucose control * Convenient for outpatient follow-up Limitations Results may be inaccurate in: * Hemoglobinopathies * Severe anemia * Conditions affecting red blood cell lifespan * HbA1c reflects average glucose over approximately 812 weeks * HbA1c 6.5% is diagnostic for diabetes * It is the standard test for monitoring long-term diabetic control * It is less useful for detecting acute glucose changes or hypoglycemia episodes To view or add a comment, sign in HbA1c Definition HbA1c (glycated hemoglobin) is a laboratory test that measures the percentage of hemoglobin attached to glucose

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Upper Arm: Although less common, the outer area of the upper arm can be used if someone else administers the injection

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Long-term effects of Graves ophthalmopathy on health-related quality of life