It is handed between proteins in a thermodynamic hierarchy, and the relevant partners named in the GHK literature include serum albumin, which has a dedicated high-affinity N-terminal site, ceruloplasmin as the dominant circulating copper protein, metallothioneins as high-capacity intracellular sinks, and cuproenzymes that require the metal to function
The anti-doping agency USADA has issued specific warnings about BPC-157, calling it an "experimental peptide" with insufficient safety data
Critical note: Shaking a peptide vial can denature the amino acid chains
Further exploration of animal models and patient-derived organoid systems may facilitate these investigations
NAC has stronger clinical evidence for liver support and is used in NHS hospitals for paracetamol overdose, whereas direct glutathione supplements have variable absorption and limited evidence for fatty liver disease
At standard doses, copper toxicity from GHK-CU is extremely unlikely