But oxidation by cytochrome P450 enzymes is one of the most common forms of bioactivation, resulting in toxic drug metabolites that can bind to cellular macromolecules such as proteins, lipids, or DNA, initiating cellular damage, inflammation, or even carcinogenesis
For instance, exenatide, the first GLP-1-analogue developed, demonstrated to promote human monocyte differentiation into alternatively activated M2 macrophages, leading to an increase in anti-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-10 while significantly reducing pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, TNF- and IL-1 (43)
Evolution of mitochondria as signaling organelles
Frontiers in Medicine, 9 , 1077275
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