Key principles of conjugation: All six pathways require specific cofactors (nutrient deficiencies directly impair detoxification) Competition exists between pathways when a single substrate can be conjugated by more than one enzyme Conjugation does not always produce a less toxic product (some sulfation and acetylation reactions generate reactive metabolites) Conjugated products must still be transported out of the cell via Phase III transporters (MRP, P-gp, BCRP) for excretion R Bile is the primary excretion route for large, glucuronidated, and glutathione-conjugated metabolites Urine handles smaller, sulfated and acetylated conjugates The balance between Phase I activation and Phase II conjugation is critical
Its glucose-dependent mechanism of action reduces the risk of hypoglycaemia, whether used alone or with other non-insulin therapies, making it suitable for long-term management of type 2 diabetes
Increased insulin secretion (glucose-dependent) Elevated GLP-1 and GIP enhance insulin release from pancreatic beta cells, but only in the presence of elevated blood glucose
What makes someone a good candidate for Epithalon therapy
Glutathione and NAD+ may complement each other by supporting cellular repair, energy production, and detoxification processes
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