A surface term is added to ( c ) penalizing large concentration gradients
A comprehensive literature search was conducted using the MEDLINE database (PubMed) for English-language articles published up to May 2025 using combinations of key search terms including diabetes mellitus, diabetes, neuropathy, polyneuropathy, diabetic neuropathies, peripheral neuropathy, diabetic polyneuropathy, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Articles were selected that primarily focused on DPN, with emphasis on human studies addressing the pathophysiology, clinical presentation, diagnostic approaches and therapeutic interventions
An off-cycle of at least 4-8 weeks, and often a full 12 weeks, is recommended afterward
Fish and Shellfish Salmon: A 4-ounce serving provides 23 grams of protein
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia): More likely if combined with insulin or sulfonylureas
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